“Failing” to succeed: How rejected possibilities are used to build solutions
Like much of creativity research, possibility studies faces two philosophical challenges: the homunculus problem, in which switches in mental activity cannot depend on an internal autonomous decision-making device (which itself would need such a device, ad infinitum); and the frame problem, in which choices of where to explore fruitfully for new ideas in a potentially infinite space of possibilities must somehow be constrained to areas of relevance that cannot be pre-determined prior to commencing exploration. In this talk, I will present PRODIGI (Progress and Discovery of Ideas In Generating Insights), a computational model implemented in ACT-R that seeks new possibilities in the products of its own failures to solve, comparing the properties of failed attempts, extracting dimensions of variability that differentiate alternative failures, and using these dimensions to discover new possibilities. The model is the first computational implementation that can find solutions to an insight problem without being provided with solution-relevant knowledge from the outset. I will illustrate how PRODIGI addresses the homunculus and frame problems with computational and behavioural data from two puzzles: the Nine-Dot problem and the Cards problem, the latter an analogue of the challenge faced by Mendeleev in creating the periodic table of chemical elements.
Thomas C. Ormerod
Thomas Ormerod (BSc, MSc, PhD, C.Psychol, F.BPs) is a Professor of Psychology at the University of Sussex, UK. He is a cognitive psychologist with research interests in human thinking and expertise. He has published over 100 peer-reviewed journal articles on expertise, systems design, and human decision-making, and has managed over £10m external research funding, with a focus on creative expertise, problem-solving and decision-making. His current theoretical work focusses on the development of computational models of insight during problem-solving, while his applied focus is on investigative expertise in the criminal justice system. He was elected a Fellow of the British Psychological Society in 2013. His current role at Sussex is as Director of the Applied Behavioural Science unit (www.appliedbehaviouralscience.co.uk), which provides Psychology as a service to industry, commerce, government and NGOs.